Which of the following could lead to ectopic beats in an ECG?

Ectopic beats, which are irregular heartbeats that arise from ectopic foci within the heart rather than the normal pacemaker (the sinoatrial node), can be influenced by various physiological and pathological factors. Electrolyte imbalances are particularly significant as they can disturb the electrical conduction system of the heart. Key electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium play vital roles in maintaining normal cardiac rhythm. When levels of these electrolytes are too high or too low, it can precipitate ectopic beats, leading to arrhythmias.

For instance, hypokalemia (low potassium) can make the heart more excitable, increasing the likelihood of ectopic foci to become active and generate beats outside of the regular rhythm. Similarly, hypercalcemia (high calcium) may affect the duration of action potentials in myocytes, causing irregular conduction. Therefore, acknowledging electrolyte imbalances is essential for understanding potential triggers for ectopic beats.

Other factors, like dehydration, while they could influence heart function, typically do not directly cause ectopic beats in the same manner electrolyte imbalances do. Excessive artifact might mask the true rhythm of the beats on an ECG but does not contribute to the generation of ectopic beats themselves. Age-related decline